Stablecoin Atlas

Operating models for stablecoins, worldwide.

A living catalogue of how stablecoins are issued, reserved, distributed and regulated — from shared-liquidity protocols to bank joint ventures, white-label platforms and tokenized money-market funds.

23 models tracked7 operating archetypes9 regions

Operating archetypes

Regulatory regimes

Blockchain protocols

Group by
23 results

Shared Infrastructure / Shared Liquidity

1 model

White-labelled Stablecoins

2 models

Joint Ventures

2 models

Single-Issuer Reserve Model

11 models

USDC — Circle

Circle · United States / Global · Peg USD

US Federal / GENIUS Act

Fully-reserved USD stablecoin backed by cash and short-dated US Treasuries, redeemable 1:1.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelUS Federal / GENIUS Act
EthereumSolanaBaseArbitrumAvalanchePolygonStellar

USDT — Tether

Tether Holdings · Global (offshore) · Peg USD

Offshore / Light-touch

Largest USD stablecoin by market cap, backed by a mix of T-bills, cash, secured loans, BTC and gold.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelOffshore / Light-touch
TronEthereumSolanaTONAvalanche

RLUSD — Ripple

Ripple (Standard Custody) · United States / Global · Peg USD

US State Trust (NYDFS)

Enterprise-grade USD stablecoin built for cross-border payments on XRPL and Ethereum.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelUS State Trust (NYDFS)
XRP LedgerEthereum

EURC — Circle

Circle France SAS · Europe · Peg EUR

MiCA (EU)

MiCA-compliant euro stablecoin issued by Circle's French EMI.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelMiCA (EU)
EthereumSolanaBaseAvalancheStellar

EURe — Monerium

Monerium EMI · Europe (EEA) · Peg EUR

MiCA (EU)

First MiCA-licensed e-money token, redeemable via SEPA directly from on-chain wallets.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelMiCA (EU)
EthereumPolygonGnosisArbitrum

Sygnum DCHF (concept)

Sygnum Bank · Switzerland · Peg CHF

FINMA (Switzerland)

Swiss regulated bank exploring a CHF-pegged stablecoin under the forthcoming FinIA payment-institution license.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelFINMA (Switzerland)
Ethereum (planned)

XCHF — Bitcoin Suisse / Swiss Stablecoin

Bitcoin Suisse · Switzerland · Peg CHF

FINMA (Switzerland)

Early CHF-pegged stablecoin used in Swiss DeFi and tokenization pilots.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelFINMA (Switzerland)
Ethereum

Centi Franc (CCHF)

Centi AG · Switzerland · Peg CHF

FINMA (Switzerland)

Swiss micro-payments CHF stablecoin backed by a bank guarantee from Hypothekarbank Lenzburg.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelFINMA (Switzerland)
PolygonEthereum

FDUSD — First Digital

First Digital Labs · Hong Kong · Peg USD

HKMA (Hong Kong)

Hong Kong-issued USD stablecoin focused on Asian exchange liquidity.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelHKMA (Hong Kong)
EthereumBNB ChainSolanaSui

XSGD — StraitsX

StraitsX (Xfers) · Singapore · Peg SGD

MAS (Singapore)

MAS-regulated Singapore-dollar stablecoin used across Asian payment rails.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelMAS (Singapore)
EthereumPolygonZilliqaHedera

BRLA — Transfero

BRLA Digital · Brazil · Peg BRL

Brazil (BCB)

Brazilian-real stablecoin enabling PIX-to-crypto on-/off-ramps across LatAm.

Single-Issuer Reserve ModelBrazil (BCB)
EthereumPolygonBNB ChainCelo

Bank Deposit Token

2 models

Algorithmic / Crypto-backed

3 models

Tokenized MMF / Yield-bearing

2 models